Hindu Philosophy is also called as Vedic Philosophy
Hinduism encompasses many sects, with four often recognized as the major denominations.
Shaivism
Shaivism is one of the largest branches of Hinduism, with followers who worship Lord Shiva, often referred to as “The Destroyer,” as their supreme deity. Originating in southern India, Shaivism has spread to Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia. Like other major Hindu sects, Shaivism reveres the Vedas and Upanishads as sacred texts. Devotees worship in temples and practice yoga, striving to achieve oneness with Shiva.
Vaishnavism
Vaishnavism is the largest Hindu sect, with an estimated 640 million followers globally. This denomination includes well-known sub-sects such as Ramaism and Krishnaism. Vaishnavism recognizes several deities, including Lord Vishnu, Lakshmi, Krishna, and Rama, with religious practices varying across regions in the Indian subcontinent. Vaishnavites are primarily dualistic and deeply devotional, with a rich tradition of saints, temples, and scriptures.
Shaktism
Shaktism is unique among the major Hindu traditions in its worship of a female deity, the goddess Shakti (also known as Devi). Shakti embodies both gentle and fierce aspects. Shaktas use chants, rituals, holy diagrams, yoga, and even real magic to invoke cosmic forces and awaken the kundalini energy within. While some Shaktas practice monotheism by worshiping Shakti alone, others venerate multiple goddesses. This female-centered tradition is sometimes seen as complementary to Shaivism, which emphasizes a male supreme deity.
Smartism
Smartism is a more orthodox and selective tradition within Hinduism, primarily followed by members of the Brahmin upper caste. Smartas worship five deities: Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, Ganesh, and Surya. The Sringeri temple is the central place of worship for this denomination. Smartism follows a philosophical and meditative path, focusing on the understanding of man’s oneness with God.
Within Hinduism, some elevate the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, while others view all deities as manifestations of a single divine essence.
Hindu Caste System
The caste system is a social hierarchy in India that categorizes Hindus based on their karma (actions) and dharma (duties). While the term “caste” is of Portuguese origin, it is commonly used to describe the Hindu concepts of varna (color or social class) and jati (birth group). Many scholars believe this system has existed for over 3,000 years.
The four primary castes, ranked by prominence, are:
- Brahmins: Intellectual and spiritual leaders
- Kshatriyas: Protectors and public servants of society
- Vaishyas: Skilled producers
- Shudras: Unskilled laborers
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